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Galerie de photos de Europe, satellite galiléen de la planète Jupiter

<h1>PIA00598:  Structurally Complex Surface of Europa and similar scales on Earth</h1><div class="PIA00598" lang="en" style="width:760px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This is the fourth in a series of five products at increasing resolutions that compare images of various areas on Jupiter's <a href="/catalog/PIA00543">icy moon Europa</a> (left frame) to the same location on Earth, the San Francisco Bay area of California (right frame). Both images show areas of equal size, 17 by 49 kilometers (11 by 30 miles), and resolution, 30 meters (100 feet). North is to the top of the picture.<p>The frame on the left is a mosaic of two images of Europa and shows the surface to be structurally complex. The sun illuminates the scene from the east, revealing complex overlapping ridges and fractures in the upper and lower portions of the frame, and rugged, more chaotic terrain in the center. Lateral faulting is revealed where ridges show offsets along their lengths (upper left of the frame). Missing ridge segments indicate obliteration of pre-existing materials and emplacement of new terrain (center of the frame).<p>The surface of San Francisco rivals that of Europa. In this 30 meter resolution comparison image, the complex pattern of city streets is clearly visible as are the many piers that line the water front district (upper right). This Bay area scene is also illuminated from the east. Notice the shadow of the Bay Bridge on the surface of the water as it makes its way to Oakland and the east bay. In the upper left corner, a ship can be seen making its way to the mouth of the bay.<p>The Europa image was obtained from a range of 3410 kilometers (2119 miles) by the Solid State Imaging (CCD) system aboard NASA's Galileo spacecraft on December 19th, 1996 (Universal Time). The San Francisco Bay area image, from the LandSat Thematic Mapper, has been reprocessed to match Galileo's resolution so as to offer a sense of the size of the features visible on Europa's surface.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00598" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00598:  Structurally Complex Surface of Europa and similar scales on Earth	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00598:  Structurally Complex Surface of Europa and similar scales on Earth	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00598: Structurally Complex Surface of Europa and similar scales on Earth
<h1>PIA00599:  Close-up of Europa's Surface and similar scales on Earth</h1><div class="PIA00599" lang="en" style="width:750px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This is the fifth in a series of products at increasing resolutions that compare images of various areas on Jupiter's <a href="/catalog/PIA00592">moon Europa</a> (top frame) to the same location on Earth, the San Francisco Bay area of California (bottom frame). Both images show areas of equal size, 13 by 18 kilometers (8 by 11 miles), and resolution, 26 meters (28 yards). North is to the top of the picture.<p>In this close-up view of Europa's icy surface, a flat smooth area about 3.2 kilometers (2 miles) across is seen in the left part of the picture. This area resulted from flooding by a fluid which erupted onto the surface and buried sets of ridges and grooves. The smooth area contrasts with a distinctly rugged patch of terrain farther east, to the right of the prominent ridge system running down the middle of the picture. Eruptions of material onto the surface, crustal disruption, and the formation of complex networks of folded and faulted ridges show that significant energy was available in the interior of Europa. The Sun illuminates the scene from the east (right).<p>The San Francisco Bay area image helps to give a sense of scale to the predominant features in the Europa image above. Both the "flat smooth area" and the contrasting "rugged patch" are sufficiently large to cover all of downtown San Francisco. The Golden Gate Bridge, if on Europa's surface, would be long enough to span each of those features as well.<p>The Europa image was obtained from a range of 2500 kilometers (1600 miles) by the Solid State Imaging (CCD) system aboard NASA's Galileo spacecraft on December 19th, 1996 (Universal Time). The San Francisco Bay area image, from the LandSat Thematic Mapper, has been reprocessed to match Galileo's resolution so as to offer a sense of the size of the features visible on Europa's surface.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00599" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00599:  Close-up of Europa's Surface and similar scales on Earth	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00599:  Close-up of Europa's Surface and similar scales on Earth	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00599: Close-up of Europa's Surface and similar scales on Earth
<h1>PIA00702:  Ancient Impact Basin on Europa</h1><div class="PIA00702" lang="en" style="width:719px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This feature on Europa was seen as a dark, diffuse circular patch on a previous Galileo global image of Europa's leading hemisphere on April 3, 1997. The "bulls-eye" pattern appears to be a 140- kilometer (86-mile) wide impact scar (about the size of the island of Hawaii) which formed as the surface fractured minutes after a mountain-sized asteroid or comet slammed into the satellite. This approximately 214-kilometer (132-mile) wide picture is the product of three images which have been processed in false color to enhance shapes and compositions.<p>North is toward the top of this picture, which is illuminated from sunlight coming from the west. This color composite reveals a sequence of events which have modified the surface of Europa. The earliest event was the impact which formed the Tyre structure at 34 degrees north latitude and 146.5 degrees west longitude. The impact was followed by the formation of the reddish lines superposed on Tyre. The red color designates areas that are probably a dirty water ice mixture. The fine blue-green lines crossing the region from west to east appear to be ridges which formed after the crater.<p>The images were taken on April 4, 1997, at a resolution of 595 meters (1950 feet) per picture element and a range of 29,000 kilometers (17,900 miles). The images were taken by Galileo's solid state imaging (CCD) system.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00702" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00702:  Ancient Impact Basin on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00702:  Ancient Impact Basin on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00702: Ancient Impact Basin on Europa
<h1>PIA00723:  Context of Europa images from Galileo</h1><div class="PIA00723" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;"><p>This global view of Europa shows the location of a four-frame mosaic of images taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft, set into low-resolution data obtained by the Voyager spacecraft in 1979. Putting new data into its surrounding context is a technique that allows scientists to better understand features observed on planetary surfaces. The Galileo spacecraft obtained these images during its first orbit of Jupiter at a distance of 156,000 km (96,300 miles) on June 27, 1996. The finest details that can discerned in this picture are about 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) across. North is to the top. For details on the Galileo images in this release, click <a href="/catalog/PIA00295">here</a>.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00723" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00723:  Context of Europa images from Galileo	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00723:  Context of Europa images from Galileo	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00723: Context of Europa images from Galileo
<h1>PIA00746:  Various Landscapes and Features on Europa</h1><div class="PIA00746" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">DESCRIPTIONS AND APPROXIMATE RESOLUTIONSRidges and Lineaments<p>27 meters/pixelTriple Bands<p>1.6 kilometers/pixelDark Spots<p>1.6 kilometers/pixel"Pull-apart" Terrain<p>1.6 kilometers/pixel"Raft" Terrain<p>250 meters/pixelFlows<p>225 meters/pixel"Puddle"<p>27 meters/pixelMottled Terrain<p>35 meters/pixelKnobs<p>1.6 kilometers/pixelPits<p>1.6 kilometers/pixelCrater<p>300 meters/pixelCrater Ejecta<p>1.4 kilometers/pixe "Macula"<p>600 meters/pixelIR-Bright/Dark Terrain<p>1.6 kilometers/pixelGlobal View<p>7 kilometers/pixel<p><p>These 15 frames show the great variety of surface features on Jupiter's icy moon, Europa, which have been revealed by the Galileo spacecraft Solid State Imaging (CCD) system during its first six orbits around Jupiter from June 1996 to February 1997. North is to the top of each of the images. The features seen on Europa's surface document both internal and external processes shaping the icy crust. Internal processes and the possible presence of liquid water beneath the ice are indicated by features such as "dark spots", lobe-shaped flow features, "puddles", "mottled terrain", knobs, pits, and the darker areas along ridges and triple bands.<p>Europa is subjected to constant tugging from the giant planet, Jupiter, as well as from its neighboring moons, Io and Ganymede. This causes "tidal" forces that affect Europa's interior and surface. Evidence for such forces includes ridges, fractures, wedge-shaped bands, and areas of "chaos." Some of these features result from alternate extension and compression buckling and pulling apart Europa's icy shell.<p>Impact craters document external effects on a planet's surface. Although present on Europa, impact craters are relatively scarce compared to the number seen on Ganymede, Callisto, and on the surfaces of most other "rocky" planets and moons in our solar system. This scarcity of craters suggests that the surface of Europa is very young. "Maculae" on Europa may be the scars from large impact events.<p>These images have resolutions from 27 meters (89 feet) to 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) per picture element (pixel) and were taken by Galileo at ranges of 2,500 kilometers (1,525 miles) to 677,000 kilometers (413,000 miles) from Europa.<p>Beginning with the upper left corner and moving left to right, top to bottom, the images show:<p>1. Ridges and lineaments crisscross the icy shell of Europa's surface. These are the most common landform on Europa and may represent either ejection of material from beneath its icy shell, or crumpling of the shell itself. Features as small as 54 meters (179 feet) across can be seen in this image, taken when Galileo was 2,550 kilometers (1,560 miles) from Europa.<p>2. Triple bands, seen by Voyager as linear features with a bright center and dark flanks, crisscross the surface of Europa. In high resolution Galileo images, these bands resolve into multiple ridges with diffuse darker deposits along the edges. Features as small as 3.2 kilometers (2 miles) across can be seen in this image, taken when Galileo was 155,000 kilometers (94,550 miles) from Europa.<p>3. Several "dark spots", areas of lower albedo (brightness) than the surrounding icy crust of Europa. These features, first identified in Voyager images, are seen to have diffuse outer margins and little topography. Features as small as 3.2 kilometers (2 miles) across can be seen in this image, taken when Galileo was 155,000 kilometers (94,550 miles) from Europa.<p>4. Wedge shaped bands of lower albedo than the surrounding areas. These areas appear to represent places where Europa's icy crust has been pulled apart and new material has filled in the area between the diverging ice sheets. Features as small as 3.2 kilometers (2 miles) across can be seen in this image, taken when Galileo was 155,000 kilometers (94,550 miles) from Europa.<p>5. An area known as "Conamara Chaos", characterized by polygonal sections of Europa's icy crust that broadly resemble icebergs. Individual ice RraftsS have been tilted, rotated and displaced from their original positions for distances of several kilometers. This terrain suggests that liquid water or ductile ice was present near the surface. Features as small as 500 meters (1,650 feet) across can be seen in this image, taken when Galileo was 17,936 kilometers (10,941 miles) from Europa.<p>6. Lobe shaped features that appear to be the icy equivalent of lava flows on Earth. Material has "erupted" through the icy shell and flowed over the surface of Europa for up to 30 kilometers (18 miles). Features as small as 450 meters (1,490 feet) across can be seen in this image, taken when Galileo was 17,684 kilometers (10,787 miles) from Europa.<p>7. A "puddle" of smooth material that appears to have buried parts of ridges. This feature is highly suggestive of liquid water or a water/ice slurry that locally flooded the European surface. The central crater is a coincidental feature produced by the subsequent impact of a meteor. Features as small as 54 meters (179 feet) across can be seen in this image, taken when Galileo was 2,491 kilometers (1,520 miles) from Europa.<p>8. A high resolution view of "mottled" terrain on Europa. This terrain, first discovered by Voyager was imaged at much higher resolution by Galileo. It is characterized by local darkening of the icy surface, in association with numerous small hills or "hummocks." The origin of this terrain remains enigmatic. Features as small as 70 meters (232 feet) across can be seen in this image, taken when Galileo was 3,344 kilometers (2,040 miles) from Europa.<p>9. Isolated hills or "knobs" on the surface of Europa. Although surface relief on Europa is typically very small (<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00746" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00746:  Various Landscapes and Features on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00746:  Various Landscapes and Features on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00746: Various Landscapes and Features on Europa
<h1>PIA00834:  NIMS G1 Observation of Europa</h1><div class="PIA00834" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;"><p>The Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) on the Galileo spacecraft imaged most of Europa, including the north polar regions, at high spectral resolution at a range of 156,000 km (97,500 miles) during the G1 encounter on June 28 1996. The image on the right shows Europa as seen by NIMS, centered on 25 degrees N latitude, 220 W longitude. This is the hemisphere that always faces away from Jupiter. The image on the left shows the same view point from the Voyager data (from the encounters in 1979 and 1980). The NIMS image is in the 1.5 micron water band, in the infrared part of the spectrum. Comparison of the two images, infrared to visible, shows a marked brightness contrast in the NIMS 1.5 micron water band from area to area on the surface of Europa, demonstrating the sensitivity of NIMS to compositional changes. NIMS spectra show surface compositions ranging from pure water ice to mixtures of water and other minerals which appear bright in the infrared.</p><p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.</p><p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00834" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00834:  NIMS G1 Observation of Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00834:  NIMS G1 Observation of Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00834: NIMS G1 Observation of Europa
<h1>PIA00846:  NIMS E4 Observations of Europa Trailing Hemisphere</h1><div class="PIA00846" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This image shows the Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) observations of selected areas of Europa's trailing hemisphere during the Galileo E4 encounter on 19 December 1996. The NIMS data are projected onto a Voyager mosaic created from images taken in 1979. The spatial resolution of the NIMS images is approximately 3 km/pixel, four times better than those from Voyager. These NIMS observations are designed to search for mineralogical differences between high and low albedo regions. Observation E4ENSUCOMP03, for example, targets a series of double linea and the surrounding area in the northern latitudes of Europa. The linea seen in the visible by Voyager can be traced through the NIMS images, shown here at a 0.7 microns, a wavelength beyond human vision. The NIMS spectra show the surface of Europa is coated with a combination of water ice and hydrated minerals.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00846" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00846:  NIMS E4 Observations of Europa Trailing Hemisphere	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00846:  NIMS E4 Observations of Europa Trailing Hemisphere	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00846: NIMS E4 Observations of Europa Trailing Hemisphere
<h1>PIA00849:  Ridges and Fractures on Europa</h1><div class="PIA00849" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This high resolution image of the icy crust of Europa, one of Jupiter's moons, reveals a surface criss-crossed by multiple sets of ridges and fractures. The area covered by this image is approximately 9 miles (15 kilometers) by 7 miles (12 kilometers), located near 15 North, 273 West. North is to the top, and the sun is illuminating the terrain from the right. The large ridge in the lower right corner of the image is approximately 1.5 miles (2.5 kilometers) across, and is one of the youngest features in this image, as it cuts across many of the other features. Note that one ridge has been sheared by a right-lateral fault.<p>This image was taken by the Galileo spacecraft on February 20, 1997 from a distance of 1240 miles (2000 kilometers).<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00849" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00849:  Ridges and Fractures on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00849:  Ridges and Fractures on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00849: Ridges and Fractures on Europa
<h1>PIA00850:  Europa Under Stress</h1><div class="PIA00850" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This high resolution image of the icy plains on Europa shows multiple sets of cross-cutting ridges. Many of these ridges are cut by younger fractures. Fractures that display relative motion are known as faults; several faults showing horizontal motion, like the San Andreas Fault in California, are seen here.<p>Faults and ridges give planetary geologists clues to the stresses within the crust at the time of formation. Ridges typically form as a result of compression. The orientation of the compressive stress is perpendicular to the strike (long axis) of the ridge. In contrast, fractures form as a result of tensional stresses that crack the brittle crust. These features indicate that the surface of Europa has experienced repeated episodes of tension and compression throughout its history.<p>This image is approximately 12 kilometers (7 miles) by 15 kilometers (9 miles) across, centered near 15N, 273W. The Galileo spacecraft obtained this image on February 20, 1997 during its sixth orbit of Jupiter from a distance of 2000 kilometers (1240 miles). North is toward the top of the image, with the sun illuminating the surface from the right.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00850" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00850:  Europa Under Stress	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00850:  Europa Under Stress	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00850: Europa Under Stress
<h1>PIA00851:  Cross-cutting Relationships of Surface Features on Europa</h1><div class="PIA00851" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This image of Jupiter's moon Europa shows a very complex terrain of ridges and fractures. The absence of large craters and the low number of small craters indicates that this surface is geologically young. The relative ages of the ridges can be determined by using the principle of cross-cutting relationships; i.e. older features are cross-cut by younger features. Using this principle, planetary geologists are able to unravel the sequence of events in this seemingly chaotic terrain to unfold Europa's unique geologic history.<p>The spacecraft Galileo obtained this image on February 20, 1997. The area covered in this image is approximately 11 miles (18 kilometers) by 8.5 miles (14 kilometers) across, near 15 North, 273 West. North is toward the top of the image, with the sun illuminating from the right.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00851" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00851:  Cross-cutting Relationships of Surface Features on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00851:  Cross-cutting Relationships of Surface Features on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00851: Cross-cutting Relationships of Surface Features on Europa
<h1>PIA00852:  Dome shaped features on Europa's surface</h1><div class="PIA00852" lang="en" style="width:465px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">The Solid State Imaging system aboard the spacecraft Galileo took this image of the surface of Europa on February 20, 1997 during its sixth orbit around Jupiter. The image is located near 16 North, 268 West; illumination is from the lower-right. The area covered is approximately 48 miles (80 kilometers) by 56 miles (95 kilometers) across. North is toward the top of the image.<p>This image reveals that the icy surface of Europa has been disrupted by ridges and faults numerous times during its past. These ridges have themselves been disrupted by the localized formation of domes and other features that may be indicative of thermal upwelling of water from beneath the crust. These features provide strong evidence for the presence of subsurface liquid during Europa's recent past.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00852" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00852:  Dome shaped features on Europa's surface	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00852:  Dome shaped features on Europa's surface	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00852: Dome shaped features on Europa's surface
<h1>PIA00853:  Europa 6th Orbit NIMS Data</h1><div class="PIA00853" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This observation taken by the Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) at 0.7 microns (left image) shows the interception of two lineas or fractures on the Northern hemisphere of Europa. A comparison Voyager visible-light image is shown at the right. The NIMS image at 4 km resolution shows dark hydrated material concentrated in the linea structures (dark lines in the Voyager and NIMS images). Note the dark spot at the lower left of the upper linea; its spectra matches the hydrated spectra of the lineas.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00853" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00853:  Europa 6th Orbit NIMS Data	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00853:  Europa 6th Orbit NIMS Data	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00853: Europa 6th Orbit NIMS Data
<h1>PIA00874:  Europa's Leading Hemisphere</h1><div class="PIA00874" lang="en" style="width:600px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This image of Europa's leading hemisphere was obtained by the solid state imaging (CCD) system on board NASA's Galileo spacecraft during its seventh orbit of Jupiter. In the upper left part of the image is Tyre, a multi-ringed structure that may have formed as a result of an ancient impact. Also visible are numerous lineaments that extend for over 1000 kilometers. The limb, or edge, of Europa in this image can be used by scientists to constrain the radius and shape of the satellite. North is to the top of the picture and the sun illuminates the surface from the right. The image, centered at -40 latitude and 180 longitude, covers an area approximately 2000 by 1300 kilometers. The finest details that can be discerned in this picture are about 6.6 kilometers across. The images were taken on April 3, 1997 at 17 hours, 42 minutes, 19 seconds Universal Time when the spacecraft was at a range of 31,8628 kilometers.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00874" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00874:  Europa's Leading Hemisphere	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00874:  Europa's Leading Hemisphere	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00874: Europa's Leading Hemisphere
<h1>PIA00875:  Thera and Thrace Macula on Europa</h1><div class="PIA00875" lang="en" style="width:400px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This image of Europa's southern hemisphere was obtained by the solid state imaging (CCD) system on board NASA's Galileo spacecraft during its sixth orbit of Jupiter. The upper left portion of the image shows the southern extent of the "wedges" region, an area that has undergone extensive disruption. South of the wedges, the eastern extent of Agenor Linea (nearly 1000 kilometers in length) is also visible. Thera and Thrace Macula are the dark irregular features southeast of Agenor Linea. This image can be used by scientists to build a global map of Europa by tying such Galileo images together with images from 1979 during NASA's Voyager mission. Such lower resolution images also provide the context needed to interpret the higher resolution images taken by the Galileo during both its nominal mission and the upcoming Europa mission. North is to the top of the picture and the sun illuminates the surface from the right. The image, centered at -40 latitude and 180 longitude, covers an area approximately 675 by 675 kilometers. The finest details that can be discerned in this picture are about 3.3 kilometers across. The images were taken on Feb 20, 1997 at 12 hours, 55 minutes, 34 seconds Universal Time when the spacecraft was at a range of 81,707 kilometers.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00875" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00875:  Thera and Thrace Macula on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00875:  Thera and Thrace Macula on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00875: Thera and Thrace Macula on Europa
<h1>PIA00877:  Agenor Linea on Europa</h1><div class="PIA00877" lang="en" style="width:400px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This image of Europa's southern hemisphere was obtained by the solid state imaging (CCD) system on board NASA's Galileo spacecraft during its sixth orbit of Jupiter. The upper portion of the image shows the southern extent of the "wedges" region, an area that has undergone extensive disruption. South of the wedges, part of Agenor Linea (nearly 1000 kilometers in length) is also visible. Agenor Linea is unique in that it is similar in width and length to the dark bands seen in the northern hemisphere, but it is bright in color rather than dark. This area will be studied at higher resolution on one of Galileo's later orbits, which should help scientists explain Agenor's bright color. This image can be used by scientists to make a global map of Europa by tying such Galileo images together with images from 1979 during NASA's Voyager mission. Such lower resolution images also provide the context needed to interpret the higher resolution images taken by the Galileo spacecraft during both its nominal mission and the upcoming Europa mission.<p>North is to the top of the picture and the sun illuminates the surface from the right. The image, centered at 40 degrees south latitude and 210 west longitude, covers an area approximately 675 by 675 kilometers. The finest details that can discerned in this picture are about 3.3 kilometers across. The images were taken on Feb 20, 1997 at 12 hours, 55 minutes, 34 seconds Universal Time when the spacecraft was at a range of 81,707 kilometers.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00877" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA00877:  Agenor Linea on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA00877:  Agenor Linea on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA00877: Agenor Linea on Europa
<h1>PIA01084:  Flow-like Features On Europa</h1><div class="PIA01084" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This image shows features on Jupiter's moon Europa that may be "flows" from ice volcanoes. It was taken by the Galileo spacecraft solid state imaging (CCD) system during its seventh orbit around Jupiter. North is to the top of the image. The sun illuminates the scene from the left, showing features with shapes similar to lava flows on Earth. Two such features can be seen in the northwest corner of the image. The southern feature appears to have flowed over a ridge along its western edge. Scientists use these types of relationships to determine which feature formed first. In this case, the ridge probably formed before the flow-like feature that covers it.<p>The image, centered at 22.6 degrees north latitude and 106.7 degrees west longitude, covers an area of 180 by 215 kilometers (112 by 134 miles). The smallest distinguishable features in the image are about 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles) across. This image was obtained on April 28, 1997, when Galileo was 27,590 kilometers (16,830 miles) from Europa.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01084" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01084:  Flow-like Features On Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01084:  Flow-like Features On Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01084: Flow-like Features On Europa
<h1>PIA01092:  Geologic Evidence of Internal Activity on Europa</h1><div class="PIA01092" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This six frame mosaic of Europa's surface shows a variety of interesting geologic features. The prominent "X" near the center of the mosaic is the junction of two "triplebands." Triplebands are seen here to be made up of parallel sets of ridges, and can be traced for over 1,600 kilometers (off the image) across Europa's surface. Directly to the south of the "X" is a 75 by 100 kilometer (km) area where the icy crust of Europa has been disrupted by activity from below. This activity could be motion in liquid water, convection in warm ice, or some other process. Many icy blocks, some as large as 10 km across, have been rafted from the edges of this zone. Also seen in this mosaic are various pits and domes that range in size from a few kilometers to nearly 20 km across. These geologic features provide evidence of thermal activity below Europa's surface at the time that the features formed.<p>These images were obtained by the Solid State Imaging (CCD) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft during its sixth orbit around Jupiter. North is to the top of the picture, with the sun illuminating the scene from the right. The center of this mosaic is located near 10 degrees north latitude, 271 degrees west longitude. The image, which is about 300 by 300 km across, was acquired at a resolution of 180 meters per picture element.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01092" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01092:  Geologic Evidence of Internal Activity on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01092:  Geologic Evidence of Internal Activity on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01092: Geologic Evidence of Internal Activity on Europa
<h1>PIA01101:  Topography on Europa....the Shadow knows</h1><div class="PIA01101" lang="en" style="width:365px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This image of Europa was taken by the Galileo spacecraft under "low-sun" illumination--the equivalent of taking a picture from a high altitude at sunrise or sunset. Note that in this image the topography of the terrain is emphasized. Planetary geologists use information from images acquired under a variety of lighting conditions to identify different types of structures and interpret how they formed. For example, the length of the shadow cast by a feature (e.g. a ridge or knob) is indicative of that feature's height. In this recent image, ridges and irregularly shaped knobs ranging in size from 5 kilometers across down to the limit of resolution (0.44 kilometers/pixel) can be seen. Measurements from shadow lengths indicate that features in this image range from tens of meters up to approximately one hundred meters in height.<p>The Galileo spacecraft acquired this image of Europa's surface during its third orbit around Jupiter. The image covers an area approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) by 75 kilometers (45 miles), centered near 10S, 190W.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01101" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01101:  Topography on Europa....the Shadow knows	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01101:  Topography on Europa....the Shadow knows	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01101: Topography on Europa....the Shadow knows
<h1>PIA01102:  Terrain on Europa under Changing Lighting Conditions</h1><div class="PIA01102" lang="en" style="width:639px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">These images obtained by the Solid State Imaging (CCD) system aboard NASA's Galileo spacecraft show the same region of Europa under different lighting conditions. The upper image was obtained on June 28th, 1996 during Galileo's first orbit around Jupiter under "high-sun" conditions -- the equivalent of taking a picture from a high altitude at noon (with the sun directly overhead). Note that albedo (light/dark) features are emphasized. Compare this to the lower image containing a higher-resolution inset. This (inset) image was taken on November 6th, 1996 during the spacecraft's third orbit under "low-sun" illumination -- the equivalent of taking a picture from a high altitude at sunrise or sunset. Note that in this image the albedo features are not readily apparent. Instead, the topography of the terrain is emphasized. Planetary geologists use information from images acquired under a variety of lighting conditions to identify different types of structures and interpret how they formed. Note that the bright linear features in the upper image are seen to be ridges in the lower image. The circular feature on the right side of both images, Cilix, is approximately 25 kilometers (15 miles) across.<p>The area seen in the upper image is 312 kilometers (187 miles) by 570 kilometers (342 miles) across; the area covered by the inset is 36 kilometers (22 miles) by 315 kilometers (190 miles) across. Both of these images are centered near 2 South latitude, 185 West longitude. North is to the top of the frames.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01102" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01102:  Terrain on Europa under Changing Lighting Conditions	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01102:  Terrain on Europa under Changing Lighting Conditions	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01102: Terrain on Europa under Changing Lighting Conditions
<h1>PIA01125:  Regional Mosaic of Chaos and Gray Band on Europa</h1><div class="PIA01125" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This mosaic of part of Jupiter's moon, Europa, shows a region that is characterized by mottled (dark and splotchy) terrain. The images in this mosaic were obtained by Solid State Imaging (CCD) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft during its eleventh orbit around Jupiter. North is to the top of the image, and the sun illuminates the scene from the right. Prior to obtaining these pictures, the age and origin of mottled terrain were not known. As seen here, the mottled appearance results from areas of the bright, icy crust that have been broken apart (known as "chaos" terrain), exposing a darker underlying material. This terrain is typified by the area in the upper right-hand part of the image. The mottled terrain represents some of the most recent geologic activity on Europa. Also shown in this image is a smooth, gray band (lower part of image) representing a zone where the Europan crust has been fractured, separated, and filled in with material derived from the interior. The chaos terrain and the gray band show that this satellite has been subjected to intense geological deformation.<p>The mosaic, centered at 2.9 degrees south latitude and 234.1 degrees west longitude, covers an area of 365 kilometers by 335 kilometers (225 miles by 210 miles). The smallest distinguishable features in the image are about 460 meters (1500 feet) across. These images were obtained on November 6, 1997, when the Galileo spacecraft was approximately 21,700 kilometers (13,237 miles) from Europa.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is a division of California Institute of Technology.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01125" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01125:  Regional Mosaic of Chaos and Gray Band on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01125:  Regional Mosaic of Chaos and Gray Band on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01125: Regional Mosaic of Chaos and Gray Band on Europa
<h1>PIA01126:  High Resolution Mosaic of Ridges, Plains, and Mountains on Europa</h1><div class="PIA01126" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;"><p>This mosaic shows some of the highest resolution images obtained by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft during its eleventh orbit around Jupiter. North is to the top of the image. The sun illuminates the scene from the left, showing hundreds of ridges that cut across each other, indicating multiple episodes of ridge formation either by volcanic or tectonic activity within the ice. Also visible in the image are numerous isolated mountains or "massifs." The highest of these, located in the upper right corner and lower center of the mosaic, are approximately 500 meters (1,640 feet) high. Irregularly shaped areas where the ice surface appears to be lower than the surrounding plains (e.g., in the left-center and lower left corner of the mosaic) may be related to the "chaos" areas of iceberg-like features seen in earlier SSI images of Europa.<p>The mosaic, centered at 35.4 degrees north latitude and 86.8 degrees west longitude, covers an area of 108 kilometers by 90 kilometers (66 miles by 55 miles). The smallest distinguishable features in the image are about 68 meters (223 feet) across. These images were obtained on November 6, 1997, when the Galileo spacecraft was approximately 3,250 kilometers (1,983 miles) from Europa.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is a division of California Institute of Technology.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01126" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01126:  High Resolution Mosaic of Ridges, Plains, and Mountains on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01126:  High Resolution Mosaic of Ridges, Plains, and Mountains on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01126: High Resolution Mosaic of Ridges, Plains, and Mountains on Europa
<h1>PIA01127:  Europa - Ice Rafting View</h1><div class="PIA01127" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">View of a small region of the thin, disrupted, ice crust in the Conamara region of Jupiter's moon Europa showing the interplay of surface color with ice structures. The white and blue colors outline areas that have been blanketed by a fine dust of ice particles ejected at the time of formation of the large (26 kilometer in diameter) crater <a href="/catalog/PIA01211">Pwyll</a> some 1000 kilometers to the south. A few small craters of less than 500 meters or 547 yards in diameter can be seen associated with these regions. These were probably formed, at the same time as the blanketing occurred, by large, intact, blocks of ice thrown up in the impact explosion that formed Pwyll. The unblanketed surface has a reddish brown color that has been painted by mineral contaminants carried and spread by water vapor released from below the crust when it was disrupted. The original color of the icy surface was probably a deep blue color seen in large areas elsewhere on the moon. The colors in this picture have been enhanced for visibility.<p>North is to the top of the picture and the sun illuminates the surface from the right. The image, centered at 9 degrees north latitude and 274 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 70 by 30 kilometers (44 by 19 miles), and combines data taken by the Solid State Imaging (CCD) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft during three of its orbits through the Jovian system. Low resolution color (violet, green, and infrared) data acquired in September 1996, were combined with medium resolution images from December 1996, to produce synthetic color images. These were then combined with a high resolution <a href="/catalog/PIA00591">mosaic of images</a> acquired on February 20th, 1997 at a resolution of 54 meters (59 yards) per picture element and at a range of 5340 kilometers (3320 miles).<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is a division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://galileo.jpl.nasa.gov. Background information and educational context for the images can be found at <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>..<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01127" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01127:  Europa - Ice Rafting View	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01127:  Europa - Ice Rafting View	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01127: Europa - Ice Rafting View
<h1>PIA01130:  Interior of Europa</h1><div class="PIA01130" lang="en" style="width:700px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;"><p>Cutaway view of the possible internal structure of Europa The surface of the satellite is a mosaic of images obtained in 1979 by NASA's Voyager spacecraft. The interior characteristics are inferred from gravity field and magnetic field measurements by NASA's Galileo spacecraft. Europa's radius is 1565 km, not too much smaller than our Moon's radius. Europa has a metallic (iron, nickel) core (shown in gray) drawn to the correct relative size. The core is surrounded by a rock shell (shown in brown). The rock layer of Europa (drawn to correct relative scale) is in turn surrounded by a shell of water in ice or liquid form (shown in blue and white and drawn to the correct relative scale). The surface layer of Europa is shown as white to indicate that it may differ from the underlying layers. Galileo images of Europa suggest that a liquid water ocean might now underlie a surface ice layer several to ten kilometers thick. However, this evidence is also consistent with the existence of a liquid water ocean in the past. It is not certain if there is a liquid water ocean on Europa at present.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC.<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL <a href="http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo/" target="_blank">http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo/sepo</a>.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01130" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01130:  Interior of Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01130:  Interior of Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01130: Interior of Europa
<h1>PIA01176:  Europa's Pwyll Crater</h1><div class="PIA01176" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This view of the Pwyll impact crater on Jupiter's moon Europa taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft shows the interior structure and surrounding ejecta deposits. Pwyll's location is shown in the background global view taken by Galileo's camera on December 16, 1997. Bright rays seen radiating from Pwyll in the global image indicate that this crater is geologically young. The rim of Pwyll is about 26 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter, and a halo of dark material excavated from below the surface extends a few kilometers beyond the rim. Beyond this dark halo, the surface is bright and numerous secondary craters can be seen. The closeup view of Pwyll, which combines imaging data gathered during the December flyby and the flyby of February 20, 1997, indicates that unlike most fresh impact craters, which have much deeper floors, Pwyll's crater floor is at approximately the same level as the surrounding background terrain.<p>North is to the top of the picture and the sun illuminates the surface from the northeast. This closeup image, centered at approximately 26 degrees south latitude and 271 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 125 by 75 kilometers (75 by 45 miles). The finest details that can be discerned in this picture are about 250 meters (800 feet) across. This image was taken on at a range of 12,400 kilometers (7,400 miles), with the green filter of Galileo's solid state imaging system.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ galileo.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01176" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01176:  Europa's Pwyll Crater	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01176:  Europa's Pwyll Crater	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01176: Europa's Pwyll Crater
<h1>PIA01177:  Chaotic Terrain on Europa in Very High Resolution</h1><div class="PIA01177" lang="en" style="width:796px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This view of the Conamara Chaos region on Jupiter's moon Europa taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft shows an area where the icy surface has been broken into many separate plates that have moved laterally and rotated. These plates are surrounded by a topographically lower matrix. This matrix material may have been emplaced as water, slush, or warm flowing ice, which rose up from below the surface. One of the plates is seen as a flat, lineated area in the upper portion of the image. Below this plate, a tall twin-peaked mountain of ice rises from the matrix to a height of more than 250 meters (800 feet). The matrix in this area appears to consist of a jumble of many different sized chunks of ice. Though the matrix may have consisted of a loose jumble of ice blocks while it was forming, the large fracture running vertically along the left side of the image shows that the matrix later became a hardened crust, and is frozen today. The Brooklyn Bridge in New York City would be just large enough to span this fracture.<p>North is to the top right of the picture, and the sun illuminates the surface from the east. This image, centered at approximately 8 degrees north latitude and 274 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 4 kilometers by 7 kilometers (2.5 miles by 4 miles). The resolution is 9 meters (30 feet) per picture element. This image was taken on December 16, 1997 at a range of 900 kilometers (540 miles) by Galileo's solid state imaging system.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ galileo.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01177" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01177:  Chaotic Terrain on Europa in Very High Resolution	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01177:  Chaotic Terrain on Europa in Very High Resolution	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01177: Chaotic Terrain on Europa in Very High Resolution
<h1>PIA01178:  High-Resolution Image of Europa's Ridged Plains</h1><div class="PIA01178" lang="en" style="width:792px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This spectacular image taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft camera shows a region of ridged plains on Jupiter's moon Europa. The plains are comprised of many parallel and cross-cutting ridges, commonly in pairs. The majority of the region is of very bright, but darker material is seen primarily in valleys between ridges. Some of the most prominent ridges have dark deposits along their margins and in their central valleys. Some of this dark material probably moved down the flanks of the ridges and has piled up along their bases. The most prominent ridges are about a kilometer in width (less than a mile). In the top right hand corner of the image the end of a dark wide ridge (about 2 kilometers or 1.2 miles across) is visible. Several deep fractures cut through this ridge and continue into the plains. The brightness of the region suggests that frost covers much of Europa's surface. This image looks different from those obtained earlier in Galileo's mission, because this image was taken with the Sun higher in Europa's sky.<p>This image was taken on December 16, 1997 at a range of 1,300 kilometers (800 miles) by Galileo's solid state imaging system. North is to the top of the picture, and the Sun illuminates the surface from the upper left. This image, centered at approximately 14 degrees south latitude and 194 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) on each side. The resolution is 26 meters (85 feet) per picture element.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ galileo.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01178" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01178:  High-Resolution Image of Europa's Ridged Plains	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01178:  High-Resolution Image of Europa's Ridged Plains	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01178: High-Resolution Image of Europa's Ridged Plains
<h1>PIA01179:  Dark and Bright Ridges on Europa</h1><div class="PIA01179" lang="en" style="width:792px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This high-resolution image of Jupiter's moon Europa, taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft camera, shows dark, relatively smooth region at the lower right hand corner of the image which may be a place where warm ice has welled up from below. The region is approximately 30 square kilometers in area. An isolated bright hill stands within it. The image also shows two prominent ridges which have different characteristics; youngest ridge runs from left to top right and is about 5 kilometers in width (about 3.1 miles). The ridge has two bright, raised rims and a central valley. The rims of the ridge are rough in texture. The inner and outer walls show bright and dark debris streaming downslope, some of it forming broad fans. This ridge overlies and therefore must be younger than a second ridge running from top to bottom on the left side of the image. This dark ~2 km wide ridge is relatively flat, and has smaller-scale ridges and troughs along its length.<p>North is to the top of the picture, and the sun illuminates the surface from the upper left. This image, centered at approximately 14 degrees south latitude and 194 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 15 kilometers by 20 kilometers (9 miles by 12 miles). The resolution is 26 meters (85 feet) per picture element. This image was taken on December 16, 1997 at a range of 1300 kilometers (800 miles) by Galileo's solid state imaging system.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ galileo.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01179" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01179:  Dark and Bright Ridges on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01179:  Dark and Bright Ridges on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01179: Dark and Bright Ridges on Europa
<h1>PIA01180:  Highest Resolution Image of Europa</h1><div class="PIA01180" lang="en" style="width:310px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">During its twelfth orbit around Jupiter, on Dec. 16, 1997, NASA's Galileo spacecraft made its closest pass of Jupiter's icy moon Europa, soaring 200 kilometers (124 miles) kilometers above the icy surface. This image was taken near the closest approach point, at a range of 560 kilometers (335 miles) and is the highest resolution picture of Europa that will be obtained by Galileo. The image was taken at a highly oblique angle, providing a vantage point similar to that of someone looking out an airplane window. The features at the bottom of the image are much closer to the viewer than those at the top of the image. Many bright ridges are seen in the picture, with dark material in the low-lying valleys. In the center of the image, the regular ridges and valleys give way to a darker region of jumbled hills, which may be one of the many dark pits observed on the surface of Europa. Smaller dark, circular features seen here are probably impact craters.<p>North is to the right of the picture, and the sun illuminates the surface from that direction. This image, centered at approximately 13 degrees south latitude and 235 degrees west longitude, is approximately 1.8 kilometers (1 mile) wide. The resolution is 6 meters (19 feet) per picture element. This image was taken on December 16, 1997 by the solid state imaging system camera on NASA's Galileo spacecraft.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ galileo.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01180" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01180:  Highest Resolution Image of Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01180:  Highest Resolution Image of Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01180: Highest Resolution Image of Europa
<h1>PIA01181:  Europa Ice Cliffs-High Resolution</h1><div class="PIA01181" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This view of the Conamara Chaos region on Jupiter's moon Europa shows cliffs along the edges of high-standing ice plates. The washboard texture of the older terrain has been broken into plates which are separated by material with a jumbled texture. The cliffs themselves are rough and broadly scalloped, and smooth debris shed from the cliff faces is piled along the base. For scale, the height of the cliffs and size of the scalloped indentations are comparable to the famous cliff face of Mount Rushmore in South Dakota.<p>This image was taken on December 16, 1997 at a range of 900 kilometers (540 miles) by the solid state imaging system (camera) on NASA's Galileo spacecraft. North is to the top right of the picture, and the sun illuminates the surface from the east. This image, centered at approximately 8 degrees north latitude and 273 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 1.5 kilometers by 4 kilometers (0.9 miles by 2.4 miles). The resolution is 9 meters (30 feet) per picture element.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ galileo.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01181" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01181:  Europa Ice Cliffs-High Resolution	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01181:  Europa Ice Cliffs-High Resolution	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01181: Europa Ice Cliffs-High Resolution
<h1>PIA01182:  Very High Resolution Image of Icy Cliffs on Europa</h1><div class="PIA01182" lang="en" style="width:800px;text-align:left;margin:auto;background-color:#000;padding:10px;max-height:150px;overflow:auto;">This image, taken by the camera onboard NASA's Galileo spacecraft, is a very high resolution view of the Conamara Chaos region on Jupiter's moon Europa. It shows an area where icy plates have been broken apart and moved around laterally. The top of this image is dominated by corrugated plateaus ending in icy cliffs over a hundred meters (a few hundred feet) high. Debris piled at the base of the cliffs can be resolved down to blocks the size of a house. A fracture that runs horizontally across and just below the center of the Europa image is about the width of a freeway.<p>North is to the top right of the image, and the sun illuminates the surface from the east. The image is centered at approximately 9 degrees north latitude and 274 degrees west longitude. The image covers an area approximately 1.7 kilometers by 4 kilometers (1 mile by 2.5 miles). The resolution is 9 meters (30 feet) per picture element. This image was taken on December 16, 1997 at a range of 900 kilometers (540 miles) by Galileo's solid state imaging system.<p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA manages the Galileo mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, DC. JPL is an operating division of California Institute of Technology (Caltech).<p>This image and other images and data received from Galileo are posted on the World Wide Web, on the Galileo mission home page at URL http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ galileo.<br /><br /><a href="http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01182" onclick="window.open(this.href); return false;" title="Voir l'image 	 PIA01182:  Very High Resolution Image of Icy Cliffs on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA">Voir l'image 	 PIA01182:  Very High Resolution Image of Icy Cliffs on Europa	  sur le site de la NASA.</a></div>
PIA01182: Very High Resolution Image of Icy Cliffs on Europa

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